doomemacs/docs/getting_started.org

#+TITLE: Getting Started Guide
#+STARTUP: nofold

GNU Emacs is one grand ol' adventure, let alone Doom Emacs. Before you start
you'll need to set up Emacs, Doom, and its packages, then learn how to take care
of your new puppy/operating system. This guide will walk you through installing,
using, configuring and troubleshooting all of these things, to smooth you into
your Emacs journey.

This guide will gloss over many technicalities so you can get up and running as
soon as possible. A more technical user manual is in the works for aspiring
contributors who want a deeper understanding of how Doom Emacs works.

#+begin_quote
If you feel like we've missed something, [[https://discord.gg/qvGgnVx][join us on our Discord server]] and let
us know!
#+end_quote

* Table of Contents :TOC_4:
- [[#install][Install]]
  - [[#emacs--dependencies][Emacs & dependencies]]
    - [[#on-linux][On Linux]]
      - [[#ubuntu][Ubuntu]]
      - [[#fedora][Fedora]]
      - [[#arch-linux][Arch Linux]]
      - [[#nixos][NixOS]]
      - [[#opensuse][openSUSE]]
      - [[#gentoo-linux][Gentoo Linux]]
    - [[#on-macos][On macOS]]
      - [[#with-homebrew][With Homebrew]]
      - [[#with-macports][With MacPorts]]
    - [[#on-windows][On Windows]]
      - [[#with-chocolatey--scoop][With chocolatey / scoop]]
      - [[#with-a-precompiled-binary--git-bash][With a precompiled binary + Git Bash]]
      - [[#with-wsl--ubuntu-1804-lts][With WSL + Ubuntu 18.04 LTS]]
  - [[#doom-emacs][Doom Emacs]]
    - [[#the-bindoom-utility][The ~bin/doom~ utility]]
    - [[#install-doom-manually][Install Doom Manually]]
    - [[#install-doom-alongside-other-configs-with-chemacs2][Install Doom alongside other configs (with Chemacs2)]]
  - [[#externalsystem-dependencies][External/system dependencies]]
- [[#update--rollback][Update & Rollback]]
  - [[#rollback][Rollback]]
  - [[#updowngrading-emacs][Up/Downgrading Emacs]]
- [[#migrate][Migrate]]
  - [[#from-vanilla-emacs][From vanilla Emacs]]
  - [[#from-spacemacs][From Spacemacs]]
- [[#configure][Configure]]
  - [[#modules][Modules]]
  - [[#package-management][Package management]]
    - [[#installing-packages][Installing packages]]
    - [[#installing-packages-from-external-sources][Installing packages from external sources]]
    - [[#pinning-packages-to-specific-commits][Pinning packages to specific commits]]
    - [[#disabling-packages][Disabling packages]]
    - [[#changing-a-recipe-for-an-included-package][Changing a recipe for an included package]]
    - [[#usingloading-local-packages][Using/loading local packages]]
  - [[#configuring-doom][Configuring Doom]]
    - [[#configuring-packages][Configuring packages]]
    - [[#reloading-your-config][Reloading your config]]
    - [[#binding-keys][Binding keys]]
  - [[#writing-your-own-modules][Writing your own modules]]
    - [[#file-structure][File structure]]
      - [[#initel][=init.el=]]
      - [[#configel][=config.el=]]
      - [[#packagesel][=packages.el=]]
      - [[#autoloadel-or-autoloadel][=autoload/*.el= OR =autoload.el=]]
      - [[#doctorel][=doctor.el=]]
      - [[#cliel][=cli.el=]]
      - [[#testtest-el][=test/**/test-*.el=]]
      - [[#additional-files][Additional files]]
    - [[#load-order][Load order]]
    - [[#flags][Flags]]
    - [[#doom-cookies][Doom cookies]]
      - [[#if][~;;;###if~]]
      - [[#package][~;;;###package~]]
      - [[#autodef][~;;;###autodef~]]
  - [[#common-mistakes-when-configuring-doom-emacs][Common mistakes when configuring Doom Emacs]]
    - [[#packages-are-eagerly-loaded][Packages are eagerly loaded]]
    - [[#manual-package-management][Manual package management]]
    - [[#using-org-babel-do-load-languages-to-load-your-babel-packages][Using ~org-babel-do-load-languages~ to load your babel packages]]
    - [[#using-delete-trailing-whitespaces-or-whitespace-cleanup-to-manage-leftover-whitespace][Using ~delete-trailing-whitespaces~ or ~whitespace-cleanup~ to manage leftover whitespace]]
- [[#troubleshoot][Troubleshoot]]
  - [[#looking-up-documentation-and-state-from-within-emacs][Looking up documentation and state from within Emacs]]
    - [[#variables-functions-faces-etc][Variables, functions, faces, etc.]]
    - [[#for-doom-modules-packages-autodefs-etc][For Doom Modules, packages, autodefs, etc.]]
  - [[#how-to-extract-a-backtrace-from-an-error][How to extract a backtrace from an error]]
    - [[#enabling-debug-on-error][Enabling ~debug-on-error~]]
    - [[#a-backtrace-from-bindoom][A backtrace from ~bin/doom~]]
  - [[#evaluating-elisp-on-the-fly][Evaluating Elisp on-the-fly]]
  - [[#how-to-determine-the-origin-of-a-bug][How to determine the origin of a bug]]
  - [[#testing-in-dooms-sandbox][Testing in Doom's sandbox]]
    - [[#opening-the-sandbox][Opening the sandbox]]
    - [[#launching-the-sandbox][Launching the sandbox]]
    - [[#testing-packages-in-the-sandbox][Testing packages in the sandbox]]
  - [[#bisecting-your-private-config][Bisecting your private config]]
  - [[#bisecting-doom-emacs][Bisecting Doom Emacs]]

* Install
This is what you'll have installed by the end of this section:

- Git 2.23+
- Emacs 27.1+ *(27.2 is recommended, or [[https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/GccEmacs][native-comp]])*
- [[https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep][ripgrep]] 11.0+
- GNU Find
- (Optional) [[https://github.com/sharkdp/fd][fd]] 7.3.0+ (known as ~fd-find~ on Debian, Ubuntu & derivatives) --
  improves performance for many file indexing commands

These packages ought to be available through the package managers of your
operating system; i.e. homebrew & macports on macOS, scoop/chocolatey on
Windows, or pacman/aptitude/etc on the various Linux distributions.

** Emacs & dependencies
*** On Linux
Installation instructions for Emacs 27.1+ are listed below for many popular
Linux distributions. In the unusual case that 27.1 or newer is unavailable on
your system, you'll have to [[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/efaq/Installing-Emacs.html][build it from source]] instead.

**** Ubuntu
Emacs 27.x is not available through Ubuntu's package manager out-of-the-box, but
is available through a PPA:

#+BEGIN_SRC bash
add-apt-repository ppa:kelleyk/emacs
apt-get update
apt-get install emacs27
#+END_SRC

Or through snap:

#+BEGIN_SRC bash
snap install emacs --classic
#+END_SRC

In some cases, you may need to delete old version of emacs and it's dependencies first, before installing emacs27:
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
sudo apt remove emacs
sudo apt autoremove
#+END_SRC

***** Other dependencies
Then install Doom's other dependencies:
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
apt-get install ripgrep fd-find

# On 18.04 or older, ripgrep and fd-find won't be available in
# official repos. You'll need to install them another way, e.g.
sudo dpkg -i fd_8.2.1_amd64.deb  # adapt version number and architecture
sudo dpkg -i fd_8.2.1_amd64.deb  # adapt version number and architecture
#+END_SRC

**** Fedora
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
# required dependencies
dnf install emacs git ripgrep
# optional dependencies
dnf install fd-find    # is 'fd' in Fedora <28
#+END_SRC

**** Arch Linux
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
# required dependencies
pacman -S git emacs ripgrep
# optional dependencies
pacman -S fd
#+END_SRC

The above installs Emacs 27 (at the time of writing).

**** NixOS
On NixOS Emacs 27.2 can be installed via ~nix-env -Ai nixos.emacs~, or
permanently with the following added to ~etc/nixos/configuration.nix~:

#+BEGIN_SRC nix
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
  # required dependencies
  git
  emacs    # Emacs 27.2
  ripgrep
  # optional dependencies
  coreutils # basic GNU utilities
  fd
  clang
];
#+END_SRC

Installing Emacs 28+ will require [[https://github.com/nix-community/emacs-overlay/issues][nix-community/emacs-overlay]]:
#+BEGIN_SRC nix
nixpkgs.overlays = [
  (import (builtins.fetchTarball https://github.com/nix-community/emacs-overlay/archive/master.tar.gz))
];

environment.systemPackages = [
  pkgs.emacsGcc  # Installs Emacs 28 + native-comp
];
#+END_SRC

**** openSUSE
***** Emacs 27.1
Emacs can be installed from the [[https://software.opensuse.org/download.html?project=editors&package=emacs][package list]], or manually via zypper.

For example, to install on openSUSE Leap 15.1 (requires root):
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/editors/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/editors.repo
zypper refresh
zypper install emacs
#+END_SRC

If you already have an older version of Emacs installed, you will be prompted to
install the update candidate (Emacs 27.1).

***** ripgrep
Download ripgrep 11.0.2 from [[https://software.opensuse.org/download/package?package=ripgrep&project=openSUSE%3AFactory][the package list]] or installed manually (requires
root).
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/openSUSE:Factory/standard/openSUSE:Factory.repo
zypper refresh
zypper install ripgrep
#+END_SRC

Only ripgrep 0.8.1 is officially available on Leap 15.1 and 15.2, so you will
need to install Rust to build ripgrep from source. Rust can be downloaded [[https://software.opensuse.org/package/rust][from
the package list]] or installed manually via zypper (requires root), e.g.
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/openSUSE:Leap:15.1:Update/standard/openSUSE:Leap:15.1:Update.repo
zypper refresh
zypper install rust
#+END_SRC

See the [[https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep#building][ripgrep documentation]] for instructions on building from source.

**** Gentoo Linux
Everything you need is in Gentoo's official =::gentoo= repository.

***** Emacs
To use Emacs graphically, enable the =gui= USE flag. And enable the =xft= USE flag to render fonts correctly (see
[[https://github.com/hlissner/doom-emacs/issues/4876][issue #4876]])
#+begin_src sh
echo "app-editors/emacs gui xft" >> /etc/portage/package.use/emacs
#+end_src

To install the latest unmasked version compatible with Doom:
#+begin_src sh
emerge '>=app-editors/emacs-27.0'
#+end_src

Or, for GCCEmacs/Native Compilation, use the live ebuild for version 28.0 with the =jit= USE flag:

Unmask the desired ebuild by adding the following to =package.accept_keywords=:
#+begin_src
=app-editors/emacs-28.0.9999 **
#+end_src

Add the =jit= USE flag to =package.use=:
#+begin_src
=app-editors/emacs-28.0.9999 jit
#+end_src

And emerge:
#+begin_src sh
emerge =app-editors/emacs-28.0.9999
#+end_src

***** Other Dependencies
#+begin_src sh
# required
emerge '>=dev-vcs/git-2.23' '>=sys-apps/ripgrep-11.0' sys-apps/findutils
# optional
emerge '>=sys-apps/fd-7.3.0'
#+end_src

*** On macOS
MacOS users have many options for installing Emacs, but not all of them are well
suited to Doom. Before we get to that you'll need either the Homebrew or
MacPorts package manager installed (you only need one):

+ [[http://brew.sh/][How to install Homebrew]]
+ [[https://www.macports.org/install.php][How to install MacPorts]]

**** With Homebrew
First, Doom's dependencies:
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
# required dependencies
brew install git ripgrep
# optional dependencies
brew install coreutils fd
# Installs clang
xcode-select --install
#+END_SRC

For Emacs itself, these three formulas are the best options, ordered from most
to least recommended for Doom (based on compatibility).

- [[https://bitbucket.org/mituharu/emacs-mac/overview][emacs-mac]]. It offers good integration
  with macOS, native emojis and better childframe support.
  #+BEGIN_SRC bash
  brew tap railwaycat/emacsmacport
  brew install emacs-mac --with-modules
  ln -s /usr/local/opt/emacs-mac/Emacs.app /Applications/Emacs.app
  #+END_SRC

- [[https://github.com/d12frosted/homebrew-emacs-plus][emacs-plus]].  Some users have
  experienced [flashing artifacts when scrolling](https://github.com/d12frosted/homebrew-emacs-plus/issues/314):
  #+BEGIN_SRC bash
  brew tap d12frosted/emacs-plus
  brew install emacs-plus
  ln -s /usr/local/opt/emacs-plus/Emacs.app /Applications/Emacs.app
  #+END_SRC

- [[https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/emacs][emacs]] is another acceptable option, **but does not provide a Emacs.app**:
  #+BEGIN_SRC bash
  brew install emacs
  #+END_SRC

***** Where *not* to install Emacs from
These builds/forks have known compatibility issues with Doom and are *very
likely* to cause issues later on. They are not recommended:

+ emacsformacosx.com
+ ~brew cask install emacs~ (installs from emacsformacosx.com)
+ AquaMacs
+ XEmacs

**** With MacPorts
There are four ports (at time of writing) available through MacPorts, and they
are all acceptable options:

+ [[https://ports.macports.org/port/emacs/summary][emacs]] (27.2) and [[https://ports.macports.org/port/emacs-devel/summary][emacs-devel]] (28) -- Installs terminal-only Emacs
+ [[https://ports.macports.org/port/emacs-app/summary][emacs-app]] (27.2), [[https://ports.macports.org/port/emacs-app-devel/summary][emacs-app-devel]] (28) -- Installs GUI Emacs
+ [[https://ports.macports.org/port/emacs-mac-app/summary][emacs-mac-app]] (27.2) -- the [[https://bitbucket.org/mituharu/emacs-mac][Mitsuharu Yamamoto mac port]]

Some of these ports do not add an =emacs= binary to your ~PATH~, which is
necessary for Doom's installation process. You'll have to do so yourself by
adding this to your shell config:

#+BEGIN_SRC sh
# Add this to ~/.zshrc or ~/.bash_profile
export PATH="/Applications/MacPorts/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS:$PATH"
#+END_SRC

Or by replacing ~/usr/local/bin/emacs~ with a shim script containing:
#+BEGIN_SRC
#!/bin/sh
/Applications/MacPorts/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/Emacs "$@"
#+END_SRC

*** On Windows
#+begin_quote
*WARNING:* Emacs on Windows is much slower than its Linux or macOS counterparts.
There are some suggestions on how to speed it up later in this section.
#+end_quote

There are three methods for installing Emacs 27.x on Windows, each with their
pros and cons:

+ With chocolatey/scoop
+ With a precompiled binary + Git Bash
+ With WSL2 + Ubuntu

If you don't know which to choose, I highly recommend WSL; it produces the
fastest and most stable environment of the three, but has the most complex
installation process.

Before moving on to installing Emacs et co, a few steps to prepare Windows for
Emacs are necessary:

1. Create a ~HOME~ [[https://mywindowshub.com/how-to-edit-system-environment-variables-for-a-user-in-windows-10/][system environment variable]].

   Set it to =C:\Users\USERNAME\=, otherwise Emacs will treat
   =C:\Users\USERNAME\AppData\Roaming= as your ~HOME~, which will cause issues
   later.

2. Add =C:\Users\USERNAME\.emacs.d\bin= to your ~PATH~.

   This way, you don't have to type all of =C:\Users\USERNAME\.emacs.d\bin\doom=
   every time you need to run this script (and you'll need to, often).

   #+begin_quote
   A pre-existing PATH variable should already exist among your system
   variables. It contains a string of file paths separated by colons;
   ~pathA:pathB:pathC~. Prepend the path to bin/doom to that string, like so:
   ~C:\Users\username\.emacs.d\bin:pathA:pathB:pathC~
   #+end_quote

3. Restart your system so your new values for ~HOME~ and ~PATH~ take effect.

Now we're ready to move on!

**** With [[https://chocolatey.org/][chocolatey]] / scoop
[[https://chocolatey.org/][Chocolatey]] is a package manager for Windows, and is the simplest way to install
Emacs and Doom's dependencies:
#+BEGIN_SRC sh
choco install git emacs ripgrep
# Optional dependencies
choco install fd llvm
#+END_SRC

Scoop will work too, but because Emacs is a GUI application you'll need to
enable the 'extras' Scoop bucket:
#+BEGIN_SRC sh
scoop bucket add extras
scoop install git emacs ripgrep
# Optional dependencies
scoop install fd llvm
#+END_SRC

**** With a precompiled binary + Git Bash
(Credit goes to @earvingad and [[https://earvingad.github.io/posts/doom_emacs_windows/][his fantastic tutorial]] for informing this guide)

1. Download and install Git from https://git-scm.com/download/win
2. Download and extract Emacs, ripgrep and fd where you want them, but in
   different folders:
   - Emacs 27.2 from http://ftp.wayne.edu/gnu/emacs/windows/emacs-27/
   - Ripgrep from https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/releases
   - (optional) fd from https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/releases
3. Add the three folders from step 2 to your ~PATH~
   - Go to Control panel -> User Accounts -> Change my environment variables.
   - Click "New", type HOME and set your C:\Users\USERNAME and OK.
   - Select "Path", click "edit", prepend =C:\path\to\the\emacs\bin:= to it and
     click OK.
   - Select "Path", click "edit", prepend =C:\path\to\the\ripgrep:= to it and
     click OK.
   - Select "Path", click "edit", prepend =C:\path\to\the\fd:= to it and click
     OK.
   - Click Ok.

And done! Keep git-bash.exe open, you'll need it for the rest of this guide.

#+begin_quote
*IMPORTANT:* you'll need to open git-bash.exe whenever you want to run a
bin/doom command.
#+end_quote

**** With WSL + Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
(Credit goes to @lunias and [[https://ethanaa.com/blog/switching-to-doom-emacs/#installing-on-windows-10
][his fantastic tutorial]] for informing this guide)

1. Install Powershell as admin (Windows key + x) with:
   #+BEGIN_SRC
   Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux
   #+END_SRC
2. Restart your Computer
3. Download and install Ubuntu 18.04 L>TS from the Microsoft Store
4. Launch Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
5. Update and upgrade Ubuntu
   #+BEGIN_SRC
   sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
   #+END_SRC
6. Then install Emacs:
   #+BEGIN_SRC sh
   sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kelleyk/emacs
   sudo apt update
   sudo apt install emacs27
   #+END_SRC
7. Then Doom's dependencies:
   #+BEGIN_SRC sh
   # required dependencies
   sudo apt-get install git ripgrep
   # optional dependencies
   sudo apt-get install fd-find
   #+END_SRC

And done! Keep Ubuntu open, you'll need it for the rest of this guide.

** Doom Emacs
With Emacs and Doom's dependencies installed, next is to install Doom Emacs
itself:

#+BEGIN_SRC bash
git clone https://github.com/hlissner/doom-emacs ~/.emacs.d
~/.emacs.d/bin/doom install
#+END_SRC

=doom install= will set up your =DOOMDIR= at =~/.doom.d= (if it doesn't already
exist) and will work you through the first-time setup of Doom Emacs. Carefully
follow any instructions it puts out.

If this is your first time, you should run ~doom doctor~. This will diagnose
common issues with your system or config.

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
If you'd like a more technical break down of ~doom install~, it's been
translated into shell commands below, in the "Install Doom Manually" section.
#+END_QUOTE

*** The ~bin/doom~ utility
This utility is your new best friend. It won't spot you a beer, but it'll
shoulder much of the work associated with managing and maintaining your Doom
Emacs configuration, and then some. Not least of which is installation of and
updating Doom and your installed packages.

It exposes a variety of commands. ~bin/doom help~ will list them all, but here
is a summary of the most important ones:

+ ~doom sync~: This synchronizes your config with Doom Emacs. It ensures that
  needed packages are installed, orphaned packages are removed and necessary
  metadata correctly generated. Run this whenever you modify your ~doom!~ block
  or =packages.el= file. You'll need ~doom sync -u~ if you override the recipe
  of package installed by another module.
+ ~doom upgrade~: Updates Doom Emacs (if available) and all its packages.
+ ~doom env~: (Re)generates an "envvar file", which is a snapshot of your
  shell environment that Doom loads at startup. If your app launcher or OS
  launches Emacs in the wrong environment you will need this. **This is required
  for GUI Emacs users on MacOS.**
+ ~doom doctor~: If Doom misbehaves, the doc will diagnose common issues with
  your installation, system and environment.
+ ~doom purge~: Over time, the repositories for Doom's plugins will accumulate.
  Run this command from time to time to delete old, orphaned packages, and with
  the ~-g~ switch to compact existing package repos.

Use ~doom help~ to see an overview of the available commands that =doom=
provides, and ~doom help COMMAND~ to display documentation for a particular
~COMMAND~.

#+begin_quote
I recommend you add =~/.emacs.d/bin= to your ~PATH~ so you can call =doom=
directly and from anywhere. Accomplish this by adding this to your .bashrc or
.zshrc file: ~export PATH="$HOME/.emacs.d/bin:$PATH"~
#+end_quote

*** Install Doom Manually
If you'd rather install Doom yourself, instead of rely on the magic of =doom
install=, here is its equivalent in bash shell commands (assuming
=hlissner/doom-emacs= has been cloned to =~/.emacs.d=):

#+BEGIN_SRC bash
# So we don't have to write ~/.emacs.d/bin/doom every time
PATH="$HOME/.emacs.d/bin:$PATH"

# Create a directory for our private config
mkdir ~/.doom.d  # or ~/.config/doom

# The init.example.el file contains an example doom! call, which tells Doom what
# modules to load and in what order.
cp ~/.emacs.d/init.example.el ~/.doom.d/init.el
cp ~/.emacs.d/core/templates/config.example.el ~/.doom.d/config.el
cp ~/.emacs.d/core/templates/packages.example.el ~/.doom.d/packages.el

# You might want to edit ~/.doom.d/init.el here and make sure you only have the
# modules you want enabled.

# Then synchronize Doom with your config:
doom sync

# If you know Emacs won't be launched from your shell environment (e.g. you're
# on macOS or use an app launcher that doesn't launch programs with the correct
# shell) then create an envvar file to ensure Doom correctly inherits your shell
# environment.
#
# If you don't know whether you need this or not, there's no harm in doing it
# anyway. `doom install` will have prompted you to generate one. If you
# responded no, you can generate it later with the following command:
doom env

# Lastly, install the icon fonts Doom uses:
emacs --batch -f all-the-icons-install-fonts
# On Windows, `all-the-icons-install-fonts` will only download the fonts, you'll
# have to install them by hand afterwards!
#+END_SRC

To understand the purpose of the =~/.doom.d= directory and =~/.doom.d/init.el=
file, see the [[#configure][Configure]] section further below.

*** Install Doom alongside other configs (with Chemacs2)
[[https://github.com/plexus/chemacs2][Chemacs2]] is a bootloader for Emacs. It allows you to switch between multiple
Emacs configurations. Here is a quick guide for setting it up with Doom Emacs as
the default config:

1. First, install Doom somewhere:
   #+BEGIN_SRC sh :eval no
   git clone https://github.com/hlissner/doom-emacs ~/doom-emacs
   ~/doom-emacs/bin/doom install
   #+END_SRC

2. Move aside any existing config and install Chemacs2 as your new =~/.emacs.d=:
   #+BEGIN_SRC bash :eval no
   [ -f ~/.emacs ] && mv ~/.emacs ~/.emacs.bak
   [ -d ~/.emacs.d ] && mv ~/.emacs.d ~/.emacs.legacy
   git clone https://github.com/plexus/chemacs2.git ~/.emacs.d
   #+END_SRC

3. Create =~/.emacs-profiles.el= with a list of your Emacs profiles. This file
   is structured like a =.dir-locals.el= file. Here is an example with Doom (as
   the default), Spacemacs, and Prelude:
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :eval no
   (("default"   . ((user-emacs-directory . "~/doom-emacs")))
    ("legacy" . ((user-emacs-directory . "~/.emacs.legacy")))
    ("spacemacs"   . ((user-emacs-directory . "~/spacemacs"))))
   #+END_SRC

To start Emacs with a specific config, use the =--with-profile= option:

#+BEGIN_SRC bash
emacs --with-profile spacemacs
#+END_SRC

If no profile is specified, the =default= profile is used.

** External/system dependencies
Doom is comprised of approximately 160 modules which provide its features,
language support and integration with external tools. Many of these have
external dependencies that you must install yourself. You'll find what a module
needs and how to install them in that module's README.org file or by running
~bin/doom doctor~.

The [[file:modules.org][Module Index]] lists all Doom's available modules, with links to their
documentation. Documentation is a work-in-progrees; some modules may not have
README.org files yet!

#+begin_quote
Use ~M-x doom/help-modules~ (bound to =SPC h d m= or =C-h d m=) to jump to a
module's documentation from within Doom, otherwise, place your cursor on a
module in your ~doom!~ block (in =~/.doom.d/init.el=) and press =K= to jump to
its documentation (or =gd= to jump to its source code). =C-c g k= and =C-c g d=
for non-evil users, respectively.
#+end_quote

* Update & Rollback
Doom is an active project and many of its 300+ packages are in active
development as well. It is wise to occasionally update:
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
doom upgrade   # or 'doom up'
#+END_SRC

If you want to update Doom manually, ~doom upgrade~ is equivalent to:
#+BEGIN_SRC bash
cd ~/.emacs.d
git pull        # updates Doom
doom clean      # Ensure your config isn't byte-compiled
doom sync       # synchronizes your config with Doom Emacs
doom update     # updates installed packages
#+END_SRC

To upgrade only your packages (and not Doom itself):

#+BEGIN_SRC bash
doom upgrade --packages
#+END_SRC

#+begin_quote
To minimize issues while upgrading, avoid modifying Doom's source files in
=~/.emacs.d=. All your customization should be kept in your =DOOMDIR= (e.g.
=~/.doom.d=). Read the [[#Configure][Configure]] section for more on configuring Doom.
#+end_quote

** TODO Rollback
The =bin/doom= script doesn't currently offer rollback support for Doom or its
packages (yet).

** Up/Downgrading Emacs
*You may encounter errors after up/downgrading Emacs.* Run ~doom sync~ on the
command line after changing the installed version of Emacs. If you've changed
the major version (e.g. 27 -> 28 or vice versa) run ~doom build~ too.

+ ~doom sync~ will re-index any built-in/site loaddef files. This is especially
  necessary if paths to built-in libraries have changed.
+ ~doom build~ will recompile all your installed packages, which is necessary
  because Emacs bytecode not generally forward compatible across major releases
  (e.g. 27 -> 28). Alternatively, reinstall all your packages by deleting
  =~/.emacs.d/.local=, then run ~doom sync~.

* TODO Migrate
If you're here from another Emacs distribution (or your own), here are a few
things to be aware of while you convert your old config to Doom:

+ Doom does not use =package.el= to manage its packages, but ~use-package~ does!
  You will see errors if you have ~:ensure ...~ properties in your ~use-package~
  blocks. Remove these and, instead, add ~package!~ declarations to
  =~/.doom.d/packages.el= to install your packages.

  See [[#package-management]["Package Management"]], further in this guide.

(This section is incomplete)

** TODO From vanilla Emacs
#+begin_quote
Have you migrated from your own config? Help me flesh out this section by
letting me know what kind of hurdles you faced in doing so. You'll find me [[https://discord.gg/qvGgnVx][on
our Discord server]].
#+end_quote

** TODO From Spacemacs
#+begin_quote
Have you migrated from Spacemacs? Help me flesh out this section by letting me
know what kind of hurdles you faced in doing so. You'll find me [[https://discord.gg/qvGgnVx][on our Discord
server]].
#+end_quote

* Configure
You can configure Doom by tweaking the files found in your =DOOMDIR=. Doom
expects this directory to be found in one of:

1. =~/.config/doom= (respects ~$XDG_CONFIG_HOME~)
2. or =~/.doom.d=

This directory is referred to as your =DOOMDIR=. Only one of these directories
should exist (Doom will only recognize one).

#+begin_quote
Change the =DOOMDIR= environment variable to change where Doom looks for this
directory. Symlinks will work as well.
#+end_quote

When you ran ~doom install~, it deployed a simple Doom configuration to your
=DOOMDIR=, comprised of these three files:

+ init.el :: Where you'll find your ~doom!~ block, which controls what Doom
  modules are enabled and in what order they will be loaded.

  This file is evaluated early when Emacs is starting up; before any other
  module has loaded. You generally shouldn't add code to this file unless you're
  targeting Doom's CLI or something that needs to be configured very early in
  the startup process.
+ config.el :: Here is where 99.99% of your private configuration should go.
  Anything in here is evaluated /after/ all other modules have loaded, when
  starting up Emacs.
+ packages.el :: Package management is done from this file; where you'll declare
  what packages to install and where from.

#+begin_quote
Note: do not use ~M-x customize~ or the customize API in general. Doom is
designed to be configured programmatically from your config.el, which can
conflict with Customize's way of modifying variables.

If you're concerned about ~defcustom~ setters, Doom has a ~setq!~ macro that
will trigger them.
#+end_quote

** Modules
Doom consists of around 160 modules and growing. A Doom module is a bundle of
packages, configuration and commands, organized into a unit that can be toggled
easily by tweaking your ~doom!~ block (found in =$DOOMDIR/init.el=).

#+begin_quote
If =$DOOMDIR/init.el= doesn't exist, you haven't run ~doom install~ yet. See [[#install][the
"Install" section]] above.
#+end_quote

Your ~doom!~ block should look something like this:

#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
;; To comment something out, you insert at least one semicolon before it and the
;; Emacs Lisp interpreter will ignore everything until the end of the line.
(doom! :lang
       python        ; this module is not commented, therefore enabled
       ;;javascript  ; this module is commented out, therefore disabled
       ;;lua         ; this module is disabled
       ruby          ; this module is enabled
       php)          ; this module is enabled
#+END_SRC

It controls what modules are enabled and in what order they are loaded. Some
modules have *optional features* that can be enabled by passing them flags,
denoted by a plus prefix:

#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(doom! :completion
       (company +childframe)
       :lang
       (csharp +unity)
       (org +brain +dragndrop +gnuplot +hugo +jupyter)
       (sh +fish))
#+END_SRC

Different modules support different flags. You'll find a comprehensive list of
available modules and their supported flags in [[file:modules.org][Module Index]]. Flags that a
module does not recognize will be silently ignored.

#+begin_quote
*IMPORTANT:* any changes to your ~doom!~ block won't take effect until you run
 ~doom sync~ on the command line.
#+end_quote

#+begin_quote
~doom doctor~ will detect issues with your ~doom!~ block, such as duplicate or
misspelled modules and flags.
#+end_quote

** Package management
**Doom Emacs does not use package.el** (the package manager built into Emacs).
Instead, it uses its own declarative package manager built on top of
[[https://github.com/raxod502/straight.el][straight.el]].

Packages are declared in ~packages.el~ files. You'll find one in your =DOOMDIR=
and in many of Doom's modules. Read on to learn how to use this system to
install your own packages.

#+begin_quote
*WARNING:* Do not install packages directly (with ~M-x package-install~ or ~M-x
straight-use-package~). Without an accompanying ~package!~ declaration somewhere
these packages will be forgotten when you restart Emacs and uninstalled the next
time you run ~doom sync~ or ~doom purge~.
#+end_quote

#+begin_quote
*WARNING:* If you're here from another Emacs distro (or vanilla Emacs), be wary
of the ~:ensure~ property in ~use-package~ blocks, because it will attempt (and
fail) to install packages through package.el. Tutorials will recommend you
install packages this way too!
#+end_quote

*** Installing packages
To install a package, add a ~package!~ declaration for it to
=DOOMDIR/packages.el=:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
;; Install a package named "example" from ELPA, MELPA, or Emacsmirror
(package! example)
#+END_SRC

If a package could not be found in any known repo you will get an error like:

#+begin_quote
Could not find package X in recipe repositories: (org-elpa melpa gnu-elpa-mirror
emacsmirror-mirror)
#+end_quote

The most likely cause for this is either:

- You've misspelled the package's name.
- Or the package really doesn't exist on ELPA, MELPA, or EmacsMirror and you'll
  need to [[*Installing packages from external sources][specify a recipe for it]].

~package!~ will return non-nil if the package is cleared for install and hasn't
been disabled elsewhere. Use this fact to chain package dependencies together.
e.g.
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
(when (package! example)
  (package! plugin-that-example-depends-on))
#+END_SRC

#+begin_quote
*IMPORTANT:* New packages won't be installed until you run ~doom sync~.
#+end_quote

*** Installing packages from external sources
To install a package straight from an external source (like github, gitlab,
etc), you'll need to specify a [[https://github.com/raxod502/straight.el#the-recipe-format][MELPA-style straight recipe]]:

Here are a few examples:
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
;; Install it directly from a github repository. For this to work, the package
;; must have an appropriate PACKAGENAME.el file which must contain at least a
;; Package-Version or Version line in its header.
(package! example
  :recipe (:host github :repo "username/my-example-fork"))

;; If the source files for a package are in a subdirectory in said repo, use
;; `:files' to target them.
(package! example :recipe
  (:host github
   :repo "username/my-example-fork"
   :files ("*.el" "src/lisp/*.el")))

;; To grab a particular branch or tag:
(package! example :recipe
  (:host gitlab
   :repo "username/my-example-fork"
   :branch "develop"))

;; If a package has a default recipe on MELPA or emacsmirror, you may omit
;; keywords and the recipe will inherit the rest of the recipe from their
;; original.
(package! example :recipe (:branch "develop"))

;; If the repo pulls in many unneeded submodules, you can disable recursive cloning
(package! example :recipe (:nonrecursive t))

;; A package can be installed straight from a git repo by setting :host to nil:
(package! example
  :recipe (:host nil :repo "https://some/git/repo"))
#+END_SRC

The specification for the ~package!~ macro's ~:recipe~ is laid out [[https://github.com/raxod502/straight.el#the-recipe-format][in
Straight.el's README]].

#+begin_quote
*IMPORTANT:* Run ~bin/doom sync~ whenever you modify packages.el files to
ensure your changes take effect.
#+end_quote

*** Pinning packages to specific commits
All of Doom's packages are pinned by default. A pinned package is a package
locked to a specific commit, like so:
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
(package! evil :pin "e00626d9fd")
#+END_SRC

To unpin a package, use the ~unpin!~ macro:
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
(unpin! evil)

;; It can be used to unpin multiple packages at once
(unpin! evil helm org-mode)

;; Or to unpin all packages in modules
(unpin! (:lang python ruby rust) (:tools docker))

;; Or to unpin an entire category of modules
(unpin! :completion :lang :tools)

;; This will work too, if you prefer the syntax, but it provides no concise
;; syntax for unpinning multiple packages:
(package! helm :pin nil)
#+END_SRC

Though it is *highly* discouraged, you may unpin all packages and make Doom
Emacs rolling release:
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
(unpin! t)
#+END_SRC

#+begin_quote
Unpinning all packages is discouraged because Doom's modules are designed
against the pinned versions of its packages. More volatile packages (like
lsp-mode, ein and org) change rapidly, and are likely to cause breakages if
unpinned.

Instead, it's a better to selectively unpin packages, or repin them to the exact
commit you want.
#+end_quote

*** Disabling packages
The ~package!~ macro possesses a ~:disable~ property:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(package! irony :disable t)
(package! rtags :disable t)
#+END_SRC

Once a package is disabled, ~use-package!~ and ~after!~ blocks for it will be
ignored, and the package is removed the next time you run ~bin/doom sync~. Use
this to disable Doom's packages that you don't want or need.

There is also the ~disable-packages!~ macro for conveniently disabling multiple
packages:
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
(disable-packages! irony rtags)
#+END_SRC

#+begin_quote
*IMPORTANT:* Run ~bin/doom sync~ whenever you modify packages.el files to
ensure your changes take effect.
#+end_quote

*** Changing a recipe for an included package
If a Doom module installs package X from one place, but you'd like to install it
from another (say, a superior fork), add a ~package!~ declaration for it in your
=DOOMDIR/packages.el=. Your private declarations always have precedence over
modules (even your own).
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
;; in modules/editor/evil/packages.el
(package! evil) ; installs from MELPA

;; in DOOMDIR/packages.el
(package! evil :recipe (:host github :repo "username/my-evil-fork"))
#+END_SRC

To install a package only if a built-in package doesn't exist, use ~:built-in
'prefer~:
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
(package! so-long :built-in 'prefer)
#+END_SRC

#+begin_quote
*IMPORTANT:* Remember to run ~doom sync -u~ after changing recipes for existing
packages. At the time of writing, ~doom sync~ alone will not pick up on recipe
changes.
#+end_quote

*** Using/loading local packages
Say you are developing an Emacs package locally and want to "install" it for
live testing. To do this specify a ~:local-repo~ in that package's recipe:
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
(package! my-package
  :recipe (:local-repo "/path/to/my/package"))

;; Relative paths are expanded to ~/.emacs.d/.local/straight/repos/{local-repo}
;; or ~/.doom.d/{local-repo} -- the first that is found.
(package! my-package
  :recipe (:local-repo "my/package"))  ; looks for ~/.doom.d/my/package/my-package.el

(package! my-package
  :recipe (:local-repo "/path/to/my/package"

           ;; By default, the package manager grabs all *.el files at the root
           ;; of the project and nothing else. To include other files, or
           ;; accommodate unconventional project structures, specify what :files
           ;; you want:
           :files ("*.el" "src/lisp/*.el")

           ;; With this you can avoid having to run 'doom sync' every time you
           ;; change the package.
           :build (:not compile)))
#+END_SRC

Alternatively, add the package's location to Emacs' ~load-path~. Do this if you
don't need/care for autoload cookies or byte-compilation:
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
;; Doom has modified `use-package's `:load-path' to expand relative paths from
;; your DOOMDIR. e.g. ~/.doom.d/lisp/package
(use-package my-package
  :load-path "lisp/package")

;; or

(add-load-path! "lisp/package")
#+END_SRC

#+begin_quote
*IMPORTANT:* Remember to run ~doom sync~ to rebuild your package after you've
changed it, and to re-index any autoloads in it.
#+end_quote

** Configuring Doom
*** Configuring packages
If your configuration needs are simple, the ~use-package!~, ~after!~,
~add-hook!~ and ~setq-hook!~ macros are your bread and butter.

#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
;;; ~/.doom.d/config.el (example)
(setq doom-font (font-spec :family "Fira Mono" :size 12))

;; Takes a feature symbol or a library name (string)
(after! evil
  (setq evil-magic nil))

;; Takes a major-mode, a quoted hook function or a list of either
(add-hook! python-mode
  (setq python-shell-interpreter "bpython"))

;; These are equivalent
(setq-hook! 'python-mode-hook python-indent-offset 2)
(setq-hook! python-mode python-indent-offset 2)

(use-package! hl-todo
  ;; if you omit :defer, :hook, :commands, or :after, then the package is loaded
  ;; immediately. By using :hook here, the `hl-todo` package won't be loaded
  ;; until prog-mode-hook is triggered (by activating a major mode derived from
  ;; it, e.g. python-mode)
  :hook (prog-mode . hl-todo-mode)
  :init
  ;; code here will run immediately
  :config
  ;; code here will run after the package is loaded
  (setq hl-todo-highlight-punctuation ":"))
#+END_SRC

For more flexibility, the ~use-package-hook!~ is another option, but should be
considered a last resort (because there is usually a better way). It allows you
to disable, append/prepend to and/or overwrite Doom's ~use-package!~ blocks.
These are powered by ~use-package~'s inject-hooks under the hood.

~use-package-hook!~ *must be used before that package's ~use-package!~ block*.
Therefore it must be used from your private init.el file.

#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
;;; ~/.doom.d/init.el (example)
;; If a :pre-init / :pre-config hook returns nil, it overwrites that package's
;; original :init / :config block. Exploit this to overwrite Doom's config.
(use-package-hook! doom-themes
  :pre-config
  (setq doom-neotree-file-icons t)
  nil)

;; ...otherwise, make sure they always return non-nil!
(use-package-hook! evil
  :pre-init
  (setq evil-magic nil)
  t)

;; `use-package-hook' also has :post-init and :post-config hooks
#+END_SRC

*** Reloading your config
You may find it helpful to have your changes take effect immediately. For things
that don't require a complete restart of Doom Emacs (like changing your enabled
modules or installed packages), you can evaluate Emacs Lisp code on-the-fly.

+ Evil users can use the =gr= operator to evaluate a segment of code. The return
  value is displayed in the minibuffer or in a popup (if the result is large
  enough to warrant one).

  =gr= works for most languages, but using it on Elisp is a special case; it's
  executed within your current session of Emacs. You can use this to modify
  Emacs' state on the fly.
+ Non-evil users can use =C-x C-e= to run ~eval-last-sexp~, as well as ~M-x
  +eval/buffer-or-region~ (on =SPC c e=).
+ Another option is to open a scratch buffer with =SPC x=, change its major mode
  (~M-x emacs-lisp-mode~), and use the above keys to evaluate your code.
+ An ielm REPL is available by pressing =SPC o r=
  (~+eval/open-repl-other-window~).
+ There's also =M-:= or =SPC ;=, which invokes ~eval-expression~, which you can
  use to run elisp code inline.

While all this is helpful for reconfiguring your running Emacs session, it can
also be helpful for debugging.

*** TODO Binding keys
+ define-key
+ global-set-key
+ map!
+ undefine-key!
+ define-key!

** Writing your own modules
To create your own module you need only create a directory for it in
=~/.doom.d/modules/abc/xyz=, then add =:abc xyz= to your ~doom!~ block in
=~/.doom.d/init.el= to enable it.

#+begin_quote
In this example, =:abc= is called the category and =xyz= is the name of the
module. Doom refers to modules in one of two formats: =:abc xyz= and =abc/xyz=.
#+end_quote

If a private module possesses the same name as a built-in Doom module (say,
=:lang org=), it replaces the built-in module. Use this fact to rewrite modules
you don't agree with.

Of course, an empty module isn't terribly useful, but it goes to show that nothing in a module is required. The typical module will have:

+ A =packages.el= to declare all the packages it will install,
+ A =config.el= to configure and load those packages,
+ And, sometimes, an =autoload.el= to store that module's functions, to be
  loaded when they are used.

These are a few exceptional examples of a well-rounded module:
+ [[file:../modules/completion/company/README.org][:completion company]]

The remainder of this guide will go over the technical details of a Doom module.

*** File structure
Doom recognizes a handful of special file names, none of which are required for
a module to function. They are:

#+begin_example
category/
  module/
    test/*.el
    autoload/*.el
    autoload.el
    init.el
    cli.el
    config.el
    packages.el
    doctor.el
#+end_example

**** =init.el=
This file is loaded early, before anything else, but after Doom core is loaded.
It is loaded in both interactive and non-interactive sessions (it's the only
file, besides =cli.el= that is loaded when the =bin/doom= starts up).

Do:
+ Configure Emacs or perform setup/teardown operations that must be set early;
  before other modules are (or this module is) loaded.
+ Reconfigure packages defined in Doom modules with ~use-package-hook!~ (as a
  last resort, when ~after!~ and hooks aren't enough).
+ Configure behavior of =bin/doom= in a way that must also apply in
  interactive sessions.

Don't:
+ Configure packages with ~use-package!~ or ~after!~ from here
+ Preform expensive or error-prone operations; these files are evaluated
  whenever =bin/doom= is used; a fatal error in this file can make Doom
  unbootable (but not irreversibly).
+ Define new =bin/doom= commands here. That's what =cli.el= is for.

**** =config.el=
The heart of every module. Code in this file should expect dependencies (in
=packages.el=) to be installed and available. Use it to load and configure its
packages.

Do:
+ Use ~after!~ or ~use-package!~ to configure packages.
  #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  ;; from modules/completion/company/config.el
  (use-package! company  ; `use-package!' is a thin wrapper around `use-package'
                         ; it is required that you use this in Doom's modules,
                         ; but not required to be used in your private config.
    :commands (company-mode global-company-mode company-complete
               company-complete-common company-manual-begin company-grab-line)
    :config
    (setq company-idle-delay nil
          company-tooltip-limit 10
          company-dabbrev-downcase nil
          company-dabbrev-ignore-case nil)
     [...])
  #+END_SRC
+ Lazy load packages with ~use-package~'s ~:defer~ property.
+ Use the ~featurep!~ macro to make some configuration conditional based on the
  state of another module or the presence of a flag.

Don't:
+ Use ~package!~
+ Install packages with =package.el= or ~use-package~'s ~:ensure~ property. Doom
  has its own package manager. That's what =packages.el= is for.

**** =packages.el=
This file is where package declarations belong. It's also a good place to look
if you want to see what packages a module manages (and where they are installed
from).

Do:
+ Declare packages with the ~package!~ macro
+ Disable single packages with ~package!~'s ~:disable~ property or multiple
  packages with the ~disable-packages!~ macro.
+ Use the ~featurep!~ macro to make packages conditional based on the state of
  another module or the presence of a flag.

Don't:
+ Configure packages here (definitely no ~use-package!~ or ~after!~ in here!).
  This file is read in an isolated environment and will have no lasting effect.
  The only exception is configuration targeting =straight.el=.
+ Perform expensive calculations. These files are read often and sometimes
  multiple times.
+ Produce any side-effects, for the same reason.

#+begin_quote
The "[[#package-management][Package Management]]" section goes over the ~package!~ macro and how to deal
with packages.
#+end_quote

**** =autoload/*.el= OR =autoload.el=
These files are where you'll store functions that shouldn't be loaded until
they're needed and logic that should be autoloaded (evaluated very, very early
at startup).

This is all made possible thanks to these autoload cookie: ~;;;###autoload~.
Placing this on top of a lisp form will do one of two things:

1. Add a ~autoload~ call to Doom's autoload file (found in
   =~/.emacs.d/.local/autoloads.el=, which is read very early in the startup
   process).
2. Or copy that lisp form to Doom's autoload file verbatim (usually the case for
   anything other than ~def*~ forms, like ~defun~ or ~defmacro~).

Doom's autoload file is generated by scanning these files when you execute ~doom
sync~.

For example:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
;; from modules/lang/org/autoload/org.el
;;;###autoload
(defun +org/toggle-checkbox ()
  (interactive)
  [...])

;; from modules/lang/org/autoload/evil.el
;;;###autoload (autoload '+org:attach "lang/org/autoload/evil" nil t)
(evil-define-command +org:attach (&optional uri)
  (interactive "<a>")
  [...])
#+END_SRC

**** =doctor.el=
When you execute ~doom doctor~, this file defines a series of tests for the
module. These should perform sanity checks on the environment, such as:

+ Check if the module's dependencies are satisfied,
+ Warn if any of the enabled flags are incompatible,
+ Check if the system has any issues that may interfere with the operation of
  this module.

Use the ~warn!~, ~error!~ and ~explain!~ macros to communicate issues to the
user and, ideally, explain how to fix them.

For example, the ~:lang cc~ module's doctor checks to see if the irony server is
installed:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
;; from lang/cc/doctor.el
(require 'irony)
(unless (file-directory-p irony-server-install-prefix)
  (warn! "Irony server isn't installed. Run M-x irony-install-server"))
#+END_SRC

**** TODO =cli.el=
This file is read when =bin/doom= starts up. Use it to define your own CLI
commands or reconfigure existing ones.

**** TODO =test/**/test-*.el=
Doom's unit tests go here. More information on them to come...

**** Additional files
Any files beyond the ones I have already named are not given special treatment.
They must be loaded manually to be loaded at all. In this way modules can be
organized in any way you wish. Still, there is one convention that has emerged
in Doom's community that you may choose to adopt: extra files in the root of the
module are prefixed with a plus, e.g. =+extra.el=. There is no syntactical or
functional significance to this convention.

These can be loaded with the ~load!~ macro, which will load an elisp file
relative to the file it's used from. e.g.

#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
;; Omitting the file extension allows Emacs to load the byte-compiled version,
;; if it is available:
(load! "+git")   ; loads ./+git.el
#+END_SRC

This can be useful for splitting up your configuration into multiple files,
saving you the hassle of creating multiple modules.

*** Load order
A module's files have a precise load-order, which differs slightly depending on
what kind of session it is. Doom has three types of sessions:

+ Interactive session :: the typical session you open when you intend to use
  Emacs (e.g. for text editing). This loads the most, because you will likely be
  using a lot of it.
+ Batch session :: this is a non-interactive session, loaded when you execute
  Emacs commands on the command line with no UI, e.g. ~emacs --batch --eval
  '(message "Hello world")'~.

  The expectation for these sessions is that it should quickly spin up, run the
  command then quit, therefore very little is loaded in this session.
+ CLI session :: this is the same as a batch session /except/ it is what starts
  up when you run any =bin/doom= command.

With that out of the way, here is the load order of Doom's most important files:

| File                                        | Interactive | Batch | CLI |
|---------------------------------------------+-------------+-------+-----|
| ~/.emacs.d/early-init.el (Emacs 27+ only)   | yes         | no    | no  |
| ~/.emacs.d/init.el                          | yes         | no    | no  |
| $DOOMDIR/init.el                            | yes         | yes   | yes |
| {~/.emacs.d,$DOOMDIR}/modules/*/*/init.el   | yes         | yes   | yes |
| $DOOMDIR/cli.el                             | no          | no    | yes |
| {~/.emacs.d,$DOOMDIR}/modules/*/*/cli.el    | no          | no    | yes |
| {~/.emacs.d,$DOOMDIR}/modules/*/*/config.el | yes         | no    | no  |
| $DOOMDIR/config.el                          | yes         | no    | no  |

*** Flags
A module's flag is an arbitrary symbol. By convention, these symbols are
prefixed with a ~+~ or a ~-~ to denote the addition or removal of a feature,
respectively. There is no functional significance to this notation.

A module may choose to interpret flags however it wishes, and can be tested for
using the ~featurep!~ macro:

#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
;; Has the current module been enabled with the +my-feature flag?
(when (featurep! +my-feature) ...)

;; It can be used to check the presence of flags in other modules:
(when (featurep! :lang python +lsp) ...)
#+END_SRC

Use this fact to make aspects of a module conditional. e.g. Prevent company
plugins from loading if the =:completion company= module isn't enabled.

*** Doom cookies
Autoload cookies were mentioned [[*=autoload/*.el= OR =autoload.el=][earlier]]. A couple more exist that are specific
to Doom Emacs. This section will go over what they do and how to use them.

**** ~;;;###if~
Any file in a module can have a ~;;;###if FORM~ cookie at or near the top of the
file (must be within the first 256 bytes of the file). =FORM= is evaluated to
determine whether or not to include this file for autoloads scanning (on ~doom
sync~) or byte-compilation (on ~doom compile~).

i.e. if =FORM= returns ~nil~, Doom will neither index its ~;;;###autoload~
cookies nor byte-compile the file.

Use this to prevent errors that would occur if certain conditions aren't met.
For example, say =file.el= is using a certain function that won't be available
if the containing module wasn't enabled with a particular flag. We could safe
guard against this with:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
;;;###if (featurep! +particular-flag)
#+END_SRC

This will prevent errors at compile time or if/when that file is loaded.

Another example, this time contingent on =so-long= *not* being present:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
;;;###if (not (locate-library "so-long"))
#+END_SRC

#+begin_quote
Keep in mind that =FORM= runs in a limited, non-interactive sub-session. I don't
recommend doing anything expensive or especially complicated in them.
#+end_quote

**** ~;;;###package~
This cookie exists solely to assist the ~doom/help-packages~ command. This
command shows you documentation about packages in the Emacs ecosystem, including
the ones that are installed. It also lists a) all the modules that install said
package and b) all the places it is configured.

It accomplishes A by scanning for at ~package!~ declarations for that package,
but it accomplishes B by scanning for:

+ ~after!~ calls
+ ~use-package!~ or ~use-package~ calls
+ and ~;;;###package X~ cookies, where X is the name of the package

Use it to let ~doom/help-packages~ know where to find config for packages where
no ~after!~ or ~use-package!~ call is involved.

**** ~;;;###autodef~
An autodef is a special kind of autoloaded function (or macro) which Doom
guarantees will /always/ be defined, whether or not its containing module is
enabled (but will no-op if it is disabled).

#+begin_quote
If the containing module is disabled the definition is replaced with a macro
that does not process its arguments, so it is a zero-cost abstraction.
#+end_quote

You can browse the available autodefs in your current session with ~M-x
doom/help-autodefs~ (=SPC h d u= or =C-h d u=).

An autodef cookie is used in exactly the same way as the autoload cookie:
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
;;;###autodef
(defun set-something! (value)
  ...)
#+END_SRC

An example would be the ~set-company-backend!~ function that the =:completion
company= module exposes. It lets you register company completion backends with
certain major modes. For instance:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(set-company-backend! 'python-mode '(company-anaconda))
#+END_SRC

And if =:completion company= is disabled, this call and its arguments are left
unprocessed and ignored.

** Common mistakes when configuring Doom Emacs
Having helped many users configure Doom, I've spotted a few recurring oversights
that I will list here, in the hopes that it will help you avoid the same
mistakes:

*** Packages are eagerly loaded
Using ~use-package!~ without a deferring keyword (one of: ~:defer :after
:commands :defer-incrementally :after-call~) will load the package immediately.
This causes other packages to be pulled in and loaded, which will compromise
many of Doom's startup optimizations.

This is usually by accident. Choosing which keyword to use depends on the
needs of the package, so there is no simple answer to this.

*** Manual package management
A lot of Emacs documentation and help will contain advice to install packages
with package.el's API (e.g. ~package-install~) or with use-package's ~:ensure~
keyword). You are free to do this, if it is your preference, but otherwise, Doom
has its own package management system.

Migrating ~use-package~ code to Doom is usually a case of removing the ~:ensure~
keyword and adding a ~(package! PACKAGENAME)~ to =~/.doom.d/packages.el= (and
running ~doom sync~ to sync your config).

*** Using ~org-babel-do-load-languages~ to load your babel packages
You don't need ~org-babel-do-load-languages~. Doom lazy loads babel packages
based on the language name in ~#+BEGIN_SRC~ blocks needed. As long as the babel
plugin is installed and the plugin is named after its language (e.g.
~#+BEGIN_SRC rust~ will load ~ob-rust~), you don't need to do anything else.

There may be some special cases, however. Doom tries to handle a couple of them
(e.g. with ob-jupyter, ob-ipython and ob-async). If you are experiencing errors
while trying to use a certain language in org src blocks, check out the [[file:../modules/lang/org/README.org][:lang
org module documentation]] for details on how to add support for it.

*** Using ~delete-trailing-whitespaces~ or ~whitespace-cleanup~ to manage leftover whitespace
#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
(add-hook 'after-save-hook #'delete-trailing-whitespace)
;; or
(add-hook 'after-save-hook #'whitespace-cleanup)
#+END_SRC

These two lines are a common sight in Emacs configs, but they are unnecessary
for Doom Emacs. We already use the more sophisticated =ws-butler= to manage
extraneous whitespace. However, you might have the impression that it isn't
working. That's because =ws-butler= works in two unusual ways, meant to be less
imposing than its alternatives:

1. It only cleans up trailing whitespace /on lines that you've touched/ (but
   always strips newlines at EOF).

   Why do this? Because I believe file-wide reformatting should be a deliberate
   act (and not blindly automated). If it is necessary, chances are you're
   working on somebody else's project -- or with other people, but here, large
   scale whitespace changes could cause problems or simply be rude. We don't
   endorse PRs that are 1% contribution and 99% whitespace!

   However, if it's truly deliberate, ~M-x delete-trailing-whitespaces~ and ~M-x
   whitespace-cleanup~ are available to be called =deliberately=, instead.

2. =ws-butler= replaces trailing whitespace and newlines with *virtual*
   whitespace. This is whitespace that only exists in the Emacs buffer, but
   isn't actually written to the file.

   Why do this? Because you might have wanted to use that space for something in
   your current editing session, and it would be inconvenient for the editor to
   delete it before you got to it.

   If you use it, it's there. If you don't, it isn't written to the file.

* Troubleshoot
When problems arise, you should be prepared to collect information in order to
solve them, or for the bug report you're about to write. Both Emacs and Doom
provide tools to make this easier. Here are a few things you can try, first:

+ Investigate the =*Messages*= log for warnings or error messages. This log can
  be opened with =SPC h e=, =C-h e= or =M-x view-echo-area-messages=.

+ Look up errors/warnings [[file:faq.org::Common Issues][on the FAQ]] and [[https://github.com/hlissner/doom-emacs/issues][Doom's issue tracker]]. It is possible
  that a solution for your issue already exists. The FAQ can be searched from
  inside Doom with =SPC h d f= (or =C-h d f= for non-evil users).

+ Run ~bin/doom doctor~ on the command line to diagnose common issues with your
  environment and config. It will suggest solutions for them as well.

+ ~bin/doom clean~ will ensure the problem isn't stale bytecode in your private
  config or Doom core. If you haven't used ~bin/doom compile~, there's no need
  to do this.

+ ~bin/doom sync~ will ensure the problem isn't missing packages or outdated
  autoloads files

+ ~bin/doom build~ will ensure the problem isn't stale package bytecode or
  broken symlinks.

+ ~bin/doom update~ will ensure that your packages are up-to-date, eliminating
  issues that originate from upstream.

+ If you happen to know what module(s) are relevant to your issue, check their
  documentation (press =<leader> h d m= to jump to a module's documentation). Your
  issue may be documented.

+ If possible, see if the issue can be reproduced in vanilla Emacs (Emacs
  without Doom) and/or vanilla Doom (Doom without your private config). [[#testing-in-dooms-sandbox][Doom's
  sandbox can help you check]].

+ Ask for help on [[https://discord.gg/qvGgnVx][our Discord server]]. It is the quickest way to get help,
  sometimes straight from Doom's maintainer, who is very active there.

If none of these things have helped you, then it's time to open a bug report.
See "[[file:contributing.org::*Reporting issues][Reporting Issues]]" in the [[file:contributing.org][contributing guidelines]] on how to file an
effective bug report.

** Looking up documentation and state from within Emacs
...

*** Variables, functions, faces, etc.
Emacs is a Lisp interpreter whose state you can access on-the-fly with tools
provided to you by Emacs itself. They're available on the =SPC h= prefix by
default. Use them to debug your sessions.

Here are some of the more important ones:

+ ~describe-variable~ (=SPC h v=)
+ ~describe-function~ (=SPC h f=)
+ ~describe-face~ (=SPC h F=)
+ ~describe-bindings~ (=SPC h b=)
+ ~describe-key~ (=SPC h k=)
+ ~describe-char~ (=SPC h '=)
+ ~find-library~ (=SPC h P=)

You can also evaluate code with ~eval-expression~ (=M-;= or =SPC ;=).

*** TODO For Doom Modules, packages, autodefs, etc.
+ ~doom/open-news~ (=SPC h n=) ::
     ...
+ ~doom/help~ (=SPC h d h=) ::
     Open the index of Doom's manual.
+ ~doom/help-modules~ (=SPC h d m=) ::
     Jumps to a module's documentation.
+ ~doom/help-autodefs~ (=SPC h u=) ::
     Jumps to the documentation for an autodef function/macro. These are special
     functions that are always defined, whether or not their containing modules
     are enabled.
+ ~doom/help-packages~ (=SPC h p=) ::
     Look up packages that are installed, by whom (what modules) and where jump
     to all the places it is being configured.
+ ~doom/info~ ::
     ...

** How to extract a backtrace from an error
If you encounter an error while using Doom Emacs, you're probably about to head
off and file a bug report (or request help on [[https://discord.gg/qvGgnVx][our Discord server]]). Before you
do, please generate a backtrace to include with it.

To do so you must enable ~debug-on-error~ then recreate the error.

*** Enabling ~debug-on-error~
There are three ways to enable ~debug-on-error~:

1. Start Emacs with ~emacs --debug-init~. Use this for errors that occur at
   startup.
2. Evil users can press =SPC h d d= and non-evil users can press =C-h d d=.
3. If the above don't work, there's always: ~M-x toggle-debug-on-error~

Now that ~debug-on-error~ is on, recreate the error. A window should pop up with
a backtrace.

*** A backtrace from ~bin/doom~
If the error you've encountered is emitted from ~bin/doom~, you can re-run the
same command with the ~-d~ or ~--debug~ switches to force it to emit a backtrace
when an error occurs. The ~DEBUG~ environment variable will work to.

#+BEGIN_SRC sh
doom -d sync
doom --debug install
DEBUG=1 doom update
#+END_SRC

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
Note: switch order is important. ~-d~ / ~--debug~ /must/ come right after ~doom~
and before the subcommand. This will be fixed eventually.
#+END_QUOTE

** Evaluating Elisp on-the-fly
Often, you may find it helpful for debugging to evaluate some Emacs Lisp. Here
are couple things you can do:

+ Use =M-:= (bound to ~eval-expression~),
+ =SPC x= will open a scratch buffer. ~M-x emacs-lisp-mode~ will change it to
  the appropriate major mode, then use ~+eval:region~ (=gr=) and ~+eval/buffer~
  (=gR=) to evaluate code,

** How to determine the origin of a bug
** Testing in Doom's sandbox
"The sandbox" is one of Doom Emacs' features; it is a test bed for running elisp
in a fresh instance of Emacs with varying amounts of Doom loaded (none at all,
all of it, or somewhere in between). This can be helpful for isolating bugs to
determine who you should report a bug to.

If you can recreate a bug in vanilla Emacs then it should be reported to the
developers of the relevant packages or, perhaps, the Emacs devs themselves.

Otherwise, it is best to bring it up on the Doom Emacs issue list, rather than
confusing and inundating the Emacs community with Doom-specific issues.

*** Opening the sandbox
There are three common ways to access the sandbox:

+ =SPC h E= (for evil users)
+ =C-h E= (for non-evil users)
+ ~M-x doom/sandbox~

Doing any of the above will pop up a ~*doom:sandbox*~ window. What you enter
into this buffer will be executed in the new instance of Emacs when you decide
to launch it.

*** Launching the sandbox
You have four options when it comes to launching the sandbox:

- =C-c C-c= :: This launches "vanilla Emacs". Vanilla means nothing is loaded;
  purely Emacs and nothing else. If you can reproduce an error here, then the
  issue likely lies in the plugin(s) you are testing or in Emacs itself.
- =C-c C-d= :: This launches "vanilla Doom", which is vanilla Emacs plus Doom's
  core. This does not load your private config, nor any of Doom's (or your)
  modules.
- =C-c C-p= :: This launches "vanilla Doom+". That is, Doom core plus the
  modules that you have specified in the ~doom!~ block of your private config
  (in =~/.doom.d/init.el=). This *does not* load your private config, however.
- =C-c C-f= :: This launches "full Doom". It loads Doom's core, your enabled
  modules, and your private config. This instance should be identical to the
  instance you launched it from.

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
All new instances will inherit your ~load-path~ so you can access any packages
you have installed.
#+END_QUOTE
*** Testing packages in the sandbox
Instances of Emacs launched from the sandbox have inherited your ~load-path~.
This means you can load packages -- even in Vanilla Emacs -- without worrying
about installing or setting them up. Just ~(require PACKAGE)~ and launch the
sandbox. e.g.

#+BEGIN_SRC elisp
(require 'magit)
(find-file "~/some/file/in/a/repo")
(call-interactively #'magit-status)
#+END_SRC

** TODO Bisecting your private config
** TODO Bisecting Doom Emacs